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WireWorld is a two-dimensional four-color cellular automaton introduced by Brian Silverman in 1987. The rule for the automaton uses the cell's old value a together with the ...

Let a random n×n (0,1)-matrix have entries which are 1 (with probability p) or 0 (with probability q=1-p) and numbers are assigned to the edges of a grid. A b-cluster is an ...

The d-analog of a complex number s is defined as [s]_d=1-(2^d)/(s^d) (1) (Flajolet et al. 1995). For integer n, [2]!=1 and [n]_d! = [3][4]...[n] (2) = ...

A graph G having chromatic number chi(G)<=k is called a k-colorable graph (Harary 1994, p. 127). In contrast, a graph having chi(G)=k is said to be a k-chromatic graph. Note ...

A short mnemonic for remembering the first seven decimal digits of pi is "How I wish I could calculate pi" (C. Heckman, pers. comm., Feb. 3, 2005). Eight digits are given by ...

Just as many interesting integer sequences can be defined and their properties studied, it is often of interest to additionally determine which of their elements are prime. ...

The logarithm of the reciprocal of a number, equal to the negative of the logarithm of the number itself, cologx=log(1/x)=-logx.

A complex translation is a map of the form z|->z+a, where a is a fixed complex number, which corresponds to translation (shifting) of points the complex plane by the complex ...

A dual number is a number x+epsilony, where x,y in R and epsilon is a matrix with the property that epsilon^2=0 (such as epsilon=[0 1; 0 0]).

A number D that possesses no common divisor with a prime number p is either a quadratic residue or nonresidue of p, depending whether D^((p-1)/2) is congruent mod p to +/-1.