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Given a factor a of a number n=ab, the cofactor of a is b=n/a. A different type of cofactor, sometimes called a cofactor matrix, is a signed version of a minor M_(ij) defined ...

A prime factorization algorithm which uses residues produced in the continued fraction of sqrt(mN) for some suitably chosen m to obtain a square number. The algorithm solves ...

The Erdős-Borwein constant E, sometimes also denoted alpha, is the sum of the reciprocals of the Mersenne numbers, E = sum_(n=1)^(infty)1/(2^n-1) (1) = ...

Given the Lucas sequence U_n(b,-1) and V_n(b,-1), define Delta=b^2+4. Then an extra strong Lucas pseudoprime to the base b is a composite number n=2^rs+(Delta/n), where s is ...

Simply stated, floating-point arithmetic is arithmetic performed on floating-point representations by any number of automated devices. Traditionally, this definition is ...

A global field is either a number field, a function field on an algebraic curve, or an extension of transcendence degree one over a finite field. From a modern point of view, ...

Sequences of integers generated in the Collatz problem. For example, for a starting number of 7, the sequence is 7, 22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, ...

The expected number of real zeros E_n of a random polynomial of degree n if the coefficients are independent and distributed normally is given by E_n = ...

Let [a_0;a_1,a_2,...] be the simple continued fraction of a "generic" real number, where the numbers a_i are the partial quotients. Then the Khinchin (or Khintchine) harmonic ...

A lobster graph, lobster tree, or simply "lobster," is a tree having the property that the removal of leaf nodes leaves a caterpillar graph (Gallian 2007). The numbers of ...