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A number that is "close" to (but not equal to) zero may be called an almost zero. In contrast, a number or expression that is equal to zero is said to be identically zero. ...

Let {A_n}_(n=0)^infty be a sequence of events occurring with a certain probability distribution, and let A be the event consisting of the occurrence of a finite number of ...

The number of nonassociative n-products with k elements preceding the rightmost left parameter is F(n,k) = F(n-1,k)+F(n-1,k-1) (1) = (n+k-2; k)-(n+k-1; k-1), (2) where (n; k) ...

Given algebraic numbers a_1, ..., a_n it is always possible to find a single algebraic number b such that each of a_1, ..., a_n can be expressed as a polynomial in b with ...

Let s(n)=sigma(n)-n, where sigma(n) is the divisor function and s(n) is the restricted divisor function. Then the sequence of numbers s^0(n)=n,s^1(n)=s(n),s^2(n)=s(s(n)),... ...

A pseudoprime is a composite number that passes a test or sequence of tests that fail for most composite numbers. Unfortunately, some authors drop the "composite" ...

The Diffie-Hellman protocol is a method for two computer users to generate a shared private key with which they can then exchange information across an insecure channel. Let ...

The rook is a chess piece that may move any number of spaces either horizontally or vertically per move. The maximum number of nonattacking rooks that may be placed on an n×n ...

Let a hotel have a denumerable set of rooms numbered 1, 2, 3, .... Then any finite number n of guests can be accommodated without evicting the current guests by moving the ...

To truncate a real number is to discard its noninteger part. Truncation of a (positive) number x therefore corresponds to taking the floor function |_x_|. Truncation also ...