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The traveling salesman problem is a problem in graph theory requiring the most efficient (i.e., least total distance) Hamiltonian cycle a salesman can take through each of n ...

The constant e is base of the natural logarithm. e is sometimes known as Napier's constant, although its symbol (e) honors Euler. e is the unique number with the property ...

An idealized coin consists of a circular disk of zero thickness which, when thrown in the air and allowed to fall, will rest with either side face up ("heads" H or "tails" T) ...

The complex numbers are the field C of numbers of the form x+iy, where x and y are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit equal to the square root of -1, sqrt(-1). When a ...

A number of closed-form constants can be obtained for generalized continued fractions having particularly simple partial numerators and denominators. The Ramanujan continued ...

There are three types of cubic lattices corresponding to three types of cubic close packing, as summarized in the following table. Now that the Kepler conjecture has been ...

The floor function |_x_|, also called the greatest integer function or integer value (Spanier and Oldham 1987), gives the largest integer less than or equal to x. The name ...

The flower snarks, denoted J_n for n=5, 7, 9, ..., are a family of graphs discovered by Isaacs (1975) which are snarks. The construction for flower snarks may be generalized ...

A graph G is Hamilton-connected if every two vertices of G are connected by a Hamiltonian path (Bondy and Murty 1976, p. 61). In other words, a graph is Hamilton-connected if ...

A hash function H projects a value from a set with many (or even an infinite number of) members to a value from a set with a fixed number of (fewer) members. Hash functions ...