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The ratio C of the largest to smallest singular value in the singular value decomposition of a matrix. The base-b logarithm of C is an estimate of how many base-b digits are ...

A link invariant defined for a two-component oriented link as the sum of +1 crossings and -1 crossing over all crossings between the two links divided by 2. For components ...

Euclid's second theorem states that the number of primes is infinite. The proof of this can be accomplished using the numbers E_n = 1+product_(i=1)^(n)p_i (1) = 1+p_n#, (2) ...

The Motzkin numbers enumerate various combinatorial objects. Donaghey and Shapiro (1977) give 14 different manifestations of these numbers. In particular, they give the ...

The only whole number solution to the Diophantine equation y^3=x^2+2 is y=3, x=+/-5. This theorem was offered as a problem by Fermat, who suppressed his own proof.

The Catalan numbers on nonnegative integers n are a set of numbers that arise in tree enumeration problems of the type, "In how many ways can a regular n-gon be divided into ...

A number of the form aba..., abab..., etc. The first few nontrivial undulants (with the stipulation that a!=b) are 101, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 191, 202, 212, ... ...

Bonato et al. (2014, 2015) defined the burning number of a simple graph as follows. Consider a process called burning involving are discrete time steps. Each node is either ...

The maximum number of regions that can be created by n cuts using space division by planes, cube division by planes, cylinder cutting, etc., is given by N_(max)=1/6(n^3+5n+6) ...

A statistic which assigns a single number to several individual statistics in order to quantify trends. The best-known index in the United States is the consumer price index, ...