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An orbifold is the object obtained by identifying any two points of a map which are equivalent under some symmetry of the map's group.

The notation R^_ denotes the set of affinely extended real numbers.

"Arabic numerals" are the numerical symbols 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0. Historically, Indian numerals evolved in Arab usage roughly 1000 A.D., and there was rare ...

A bar (also called an overbar) is a horizontal line written above a mathematical symbol to give it some special meaning. If the bar is placed over a single symbol, as in x^_ ...

The binary logarithm log_2x is the logarithm to base 2. The notation lgx is sometimes used to denote this function in number theoretic literature. However, because Russian ...

One of the symbols { and } used in many different contexts in mathematics. Braces are used 1. To denote grouping of mathematical terms, usually as the outermost delimiter in ...

There are at least two meanings on the word congruent in mathematics. Two geometric figures are said to be congruent if one can be transformed into the other by an isometry ...

The covariant derivative of a contravariant tensor A^a (also called the "semicolon derivative" since its symbol is a semicolon) is given by A^a_(;b) = ...

Decimal is the base-10 notational system for representing real numbers. The expression of a number using the decimal system is called its decimal expansion, examples of which ...

The decimal period of a repeating decimal is the number of digits that repeat. For example, 1/3=0.3^_ has decimal period one, 1/11=0.09^_ has decimal period two, and ...