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A square which is magic under multiplication instead of addition (the operation used to define a conventional magic square) is called a multiplication magic square. Unlike ...

Newton's forward difference formula is a finite difference identity giving an interpolated value between tabulated points {f_p} in terms of the first value f_0 and the powers ...

Let K be a field of arbitrary characteristic. Let v:K->R union {infty} be defined by the following properties: 1. v(x)=infty<=>x=0, 2. v(xy)=v(x)+v(y) forall x,y in K, and 3. ...

The norm of a mathematical object is a quantity that in some (possibly abstract) sense describes the length, size, or extent of the object. Norms exist for complex numbers ...

A system of curvilinear coordinates in which two sets of coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the curves of the elliptic cylindrical coordinates about the y-axis ...

A figurate number which is the sum of two consecutive pyramidal numbers, O_n=P_(n-1)+P_n=1/3n(2n^2+1). (1) The first few are 1, 6, 19, 44, 85, 146, 231, 344, 489, 670, 891, ...

The odd divisor function sigma_k^((o))(n)=sum_(d|n; d odd)d^k (1) is the sum of kth powers of the odd divisors of a number n. It is the analog of the divisor function for odd ...

An outer-totalistic cellular automaton is a generalization of the totalistic cellular automaton. Totalistic rules are a proper superset of outer-totalistic rules. In ...

The sequence of Fibonacci numbers {F_n} is periodic modulo any modulus m (Wall 1960), and the period (mod m) is the known as the Pisano period pi(m) (Wrench 1969). For m=1, ...

Let a convex polygon be inscribed in a circle and divided into triangles from diagonals from one polygon vertex. The sum of the radii of the circles inscribed in these ...