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Given a unit line segment [0,1], pick two points at random on it. Call the first point x_1 and the second point x_2. Find the distribution of distances d between points. The ...

A method for computing the prime counting function. Define the function T_k(x,a)=(-1)^(beta_0+beta_1+...+beta_(a-1))|_x/(p_1^(beta_0)p_2^(beta_1)...p_a^(beta_(a-1)))_|, (1) ...

Given a set X, a set function mu^*:2^X->[0,infty] is said to be an outer measure provided that mu^*(emptyset)=0 and that mu^* is countably monotone, where emptyset is the ...

The word quantile has no fewer than two distinct meanings in probability. Specific elements x in the range of a variate X are called quantiles, and denoted x (Evans et al. ...

The Radon-Nikodym theorem asserts that any absolutely continuous complex measure lambda with respect to some positive measure mu (which could be Lebesgue measure or Haar ...

The nth Ramanujan prime is the smallest number R_n such that pi(x)-pi(x/2)>=n for all x>=R_n, where pi(x) is the prime counting function. In other words, there are at least n ...

Given two distributions Y and X with joint probability density function f(x,y), let U=Y/X be the ratio distribution. Then the distribution function of u is D(u) = P(U<=u) (1) ...

The distribution with probability density function and distribution function P(r) = (re^(-r^2/(2s^2)))/(s^2) (1) D(r) = 1-e^(-r^2/(2s^2)) (2) for r in [0,infty) and parameter ...

A point of a function or surface which is a stationary point but not an extremum. An example of a one-dimensional function with a saddle point is f(x)=x^3, which has f^'(x) = ...

Let the sum of squares function r_k(n) denote the number of representations of n by k squares, then the summatory function of r_2(k)/k has the asymptotic expansion ...