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A cubic map is three-colorable iff each interior region is bounded by an even number of regions. A non-cubic map bounded by an even number of regions is not necessarily ...

The limaçon is a polar curve of the form r=b+acostheta (1) also called the limaçon of Pascal. It was first investigated by Dürer, who gave a method for drawing it in ...

For every partition of all the points on a line into two nonempty sets such that no point of either lies between two points of the other, there is a point of one set which ...

Regge calculus is a finite element method utilized in numerical relativity in attempts of describing spacetimes with few or no symmetries by way of producing numerical ...

A biflecnode, also called a biflecnodal point, is a point at which a curve crosses itself and is at the same time an inflection point. Biflecnodes are possible for curves of ...

The function f(x,y)=(1-x)^2+100(y-x^2)^2 that is often used as a test problem for optimization algorithms (where a variation with 100 replaced by 105 is sometimes used; ...

Complex analysis is the study of complex numbers together with their derivatives, manipulation, and other properties. Complex analysis is an extremely powerful tool with an ...

If f:[a,b]->[a,b] (where [a,b] denotes the closed interval from a to b on the real line) satisfies a Lipschitz condition with constant K, i.e., if |f(x)-f(y)|<=K|x-y| for all ...

The locus of a point which is derived from a fixed point Q by continuous parallel displacement.

Stochastic optimization refers to the minimization (or maximization) of a function in the presence of randomness in the optimization process. The randomness may be present as ...