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The unsorted union of a list S is a list containing the same elements as S but with the second and subsequent occurrence of any given element removed. For example, the ...

The upper domination number Gamma(G) of a graph G is the maximum size of a minimal dominating set of vertices in G. The (lower) domination number may be similarly defined as ...

The upper irredundance number IR(G) of a graph G is the maximum size of an irredundant set of vertices in G. It is therefore equal to the size of a maximum irredundant set as ...

Vizing's theorem states that a graph can be edge-colored in either Delta or Delta+1 colors, where Delta is the maximum vertex degree of the graph. This partitions graphs into ...

Let X_1, ..., X_N be a sequence of independent observations of a random variable X, and let the number of observations N itself be chosen at random. Then Wald's equation ...

A walk is a sequence v_0, e_1, v_1, ..., v_k of graph vertices v_i and graph edges e_i such that for 1<=i<=k, the edge e_i has endpoints v_(i-1) and v_i (West 2000, p. 20). ...

Whirls are figures constructed by nesting a sequence of polygons (each having the same number of sides), each slightly smaller and rotated relative to the previous one. The ...

A variant of the Pollard p-1 method which uses Lucas sequences to achieve rapid factorization if some factor p of N has a decomposition of p+1 in small prime factors.

The (unilateral) Z-transform of a sequence {a_k}_(k=0)^infty is defined as Z[{a_k}_(k=0)^infty](z)=sum_(k=0)^infty(a_k)/(z^k). (1) This definition is implemented in the ...

An s-route of a graph G is a sequence of vertices (v_0,v_1,...,v_s) of G such that v_iv_(i+1) in E(G) for i=0, 1, ..., s-1 (where E(G) is the edge set of G) and ...