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Let a discrete distribution have probability function p_k, and let a second discrete distribution have probability function q_k. Then the relative entropy of p with respect ...

A real-valued univariate function f=f(x) is said to have a removable discontinuity at a point x_0 in its domain provided that both f(x_0) and lim_(x->x_0)f(x)=L<infty (1) ...

The Ricci curvature tensor, also simply known as the Ricci tensor (Parker and Christensen 1994), is defined by R_(mukappa)=R^lambda_(mulambdakappa), where ...

The operator of fractional integration is defined as _aD_t^(-nu)f(t)=1/(Gamma(nu))int_a^tf(u)(t-u)^(nu-1)du for nu>0 with _aD_t^0f(t)=f(t) (Oldham and Spanier 1974, Miller ...

The Riemann-Siegel integral formula is the following representation of the xi-function xi(s) found in Riemann's Nachlass by Bessel-Hagen in 1926 (Siegel 1932; Edwards 2001, ...

Rodrigues' rotation formula gives an efficient method for computing the rotation matrix R in SO(3) corresponding to a rotation by an angle theta about a fixed axis specified ...

For a set of n numbers or values of a discrete distribution x_i, ..., x_n, the root-mean-square (abbreviated "RMS" and sometimes called the quadratic mean), is the square ...

The root separation (or zero separation) of a polynomial P(x) with roots r_1, r_2, ... is defined by Delta(P)=min_(i!=j)|r_i-r_j|. There are lower bounds on how close two ...

A row-convex polyomino is a self-avoiding convex polyomino such that the intersection of any horizontal line with the polyomino has at most two connected components. A ...

The vector space generated by the rows of a matrix viewed as vectors. The row space of a n×m matrix A with real entries is a subspace generated by n elements of R^m, hence ...