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The dual vector space to a real vector space V is the vector space of linear functions f:V->R, denoted V^*. In the dual of a complex vector space, the linear functions take ...

The eigenvector corresponding to the second smallest eigenvalue (i.e., the algebraic connectivity) of the Laplacian matrix of a graph G. The Fiedler vector is used in ...

In general, there is no unique matrix solution A to the matrix equation y=Ax. Even in the case of y parallel to x, there are still multiple matrices that perform this ...

In the Minkowski space of special relativity, a four-vector is a four-element vector x^mu=(x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3) that transforms under a Lorentz transformation like the position ...

Let s(x,y,z) and t(x,y,z) be differentiable scalar functions defined at all points on a surface S. In computer graphics, the functions s and t often represent texture ...

A vector v on a Hilbert space H is said to be cyclic if there exists some bounded linear operator T on H so that the set of orbits {T^iv}_(i=0)^infty={v,Tv,T^2v,...} is dense ...

The partial differential equation del ^2A=-del xE, where del ^2 is the vector Laplacian.

The following vector integrals are related to the curl theorem. If F=cxP(x,y,z), (1) then int_CdsxP=int_S(daxdel )xP. (2) If F=cF, (3) then int_CFds=int_Sdaxdel F. (4) The ...

The vector field N_f(z)=-(f(z))/(f^'(z)) arising in the definition of the Newtonian graph of a complex univariate polynomial f (Smale 1985, Shub et al. 1988, Kozen and ...

Given a topological vector space X and a neighborhood V of 0 in X, the polar K=K(V) of V is defined to be the set K(V)={Lambda in X^*:|Lambdax|<=1 for every x in V} and where ...