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A genetic algorithm is a class of adaptive stochastic optimization algorithms involving search and optimization. Genetic algorithms were first used by Holland (1975). The ...

The centroid is center of mass of a two-dimensional planar lamina or a three-dimensional solid. The mass of a lamina with surface density function sigma(x,y) is ...

The geometric distribution is a discrete distribution for n=0, 1, 2, ... having probability density function P(n) = p(1-p)^n (1) = pq^n, (2) where 0<p<1, q=1-p, and ...

A graph H is a minor of a graph G if a copy of H can be obtained from G via repeated edge deletion and/or edge contraction. The Kuratowski reduction theorem states that any ...

The Heaviside step function is a mathematical function denoted H(x), or sometimes theta(x) or u(x) (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 1020), and also known as the "unit step ...

Let there be n ways for a "good" selection and m ways for a "bad" selection out of a total of n+m possibilities. Take N samples and let x_i equal 1 if selection i is ...

Infinity, most often denoted as infty, is an unbounded quantity that is greater than every real number. The symbol infty had been used as an alternative to M (1000) in Roman ...

Legendre-Gauss quadrature is a numerical integration method also called "the" Gaussian quadrature or Legendre quadrature. A Gaussian quadrature over the interval [-1,1] with ...

A Lorentz transformation is a four-dimensional transformation x^('mu)=Lambda^mu_nux^nu, (1) satisfied by all four-vectors x^nu, where Lambda^mu_nu is a so-called Lorentz ...

The inverse of a square matrix A, sometimes called a reciprocal matrix, is a matrix A^(-1) such that AA^(-1)=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix. Courant and Hilbert (1989, ...