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A mathematical relationship expressing f_n as some combination of f_i with i<n. When formulated as an equation to be solved, recurrence relations are known as recurrence ...

For a given monic quartic equation f(x)=x^4+a_3x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0, (1) the resolvent cubic is the monic cubic polynomial g(x)=x^3+b_2x^2+b_1x+b_0, (2) where the coefficients ...

Algebra

Let n be an integer variable which tends to infinity and let x be a continuous variable tending to some limit. Also, let phi(n) or phi(x) be a positive function and f(n) or ...

The term isocline derives from the Greek words for "same slope." For a first-order ordinary differential equation y^'=f(t,y) is, a curve with equation f(t,y)=C for some ...

Let the divisor function d(n) be the number of divisors of n (including n itself). For a prime p, d(p)=2. In general, sum_(k=1)^nd(k)=nlnn+(2gamma-1)n+O(n^theta), where gamma ...

There are many formulas of pi of many types. Among others, these include series, products, geometric constructions, limits, special values, and pi iterations. pi is ...

Separation of variables is a method of solving ordinary and partial differential equations. For an ordinary differential equation (dy)/(dx)=g(x)f(y), (1) where f(y)is nonzero ...

Like the entire harmonic series, the harmonic series sum_(k=1)^infty1/(p_k)=infty (1) taken over all primes p_k also diverges, as first shown by Euler in 1737 (Nagell 1951, ...

The Bernoulli numbers B_n are a sequence of signed rational numbers that can be defined by the exponential generating function x/(e^x-1)=sum_(n=0)^infty(B_nx^n)/(n!). (1) ...