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Multiple edges are two or more edges connecting the same two vertices within a multigraph. Multiple edges of degree d_(ij) between vertex i and vertex j correspond to an ...

In the IEEE 754-2008 standard (referred to as IEEE 754 henceforth), NaN (or "not a number") is a symbolic floating-point representation which is neither a signed infinity nor ...

Newton's forward difference formula is a finite difference identity giving an interpolated value between tabulated points {f_p} in terms of the first value f_0 and the powers ...

A surface such as the Möbius strip or Klein bottle (Gray 1997, pp. 322-323) on which there exists a closed path such that the directrix is reversed when moved around this ...

If r is an algebraic number of degree n, then the totality of all expressions that can be constructed from r by repeated additions, subtractions, multiplications, and ...

A (general) octahedron is a polyhedron having eight faces. Examples include the 4-trapezohedron, augmented triangular prism (Johnson solid J_(49)), bislit cube, Dürer solid, ...

If a univariate real function f(x) has a single critical point and that point is a local maximum, then f(x) has its global maximum there (Wagon 1991, p. 87). The test breaks ...

A d-dimensional discrete percolation model on a regular point lattice L=L^d is said to be oriented if L is an oriented lattice. One common such model takes place on the ...

The mean triangle area of a triangle picked inside a regular n-gon of unit area is A^__n=(9cos^2omega+52cosomega+44)/(36n^2sin^2omega), (1) where omega=2pi/n (Alikoski 1939; ...

A quartic symmetric graph is a symmetric graph that is also quartic (i.e., regular of degree 4). The numbers of symmetric quartic graphs on n=1, 2, ... are 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, ...