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A function H that maps an arbitrary length message M to a fixed length message digest MD is a collision-free hash function if 1. It is a one-way hash function. 2. It is hard ...

A nonnegative measurable function f is called Lebesgue integrable if its Lebesgue integral intfdmu is finite. An arbitrary measurable function is integrable if f^+ and f^- ...

Given a random variable X with continuous and strictly monotonic probability density function f(X), a quantile function Q_f assigns to each probability p attained by f the ...

_2F_1(a,b;c;z)=int_0^1(t^(b-1)(1-t)^(c-b-1))/((1-tz)^a)dt, (1) where _2F_1(a,b;c;z) is a hypergeometric function. The solution can be written using the Euler's ...

There are a number of meanings for the word "arc" in mathematics. In general, an arc is any smooth curve joining two points. The length of an arc is known as its arc length. ...

Given a function f(x) plotted in the Cartesian plane as y=f(x), the average rate of change (or average rate of change function) of f from x to a is given by ...

A function that joins univariate distribution functions to form multivariate distribution functions. A two-dimensional copula is a function C:I^2->I such that C(0,t)=C(t,0)=0 ...

An asymmetrical apodization function defined by M(x,b,d)={0 for x<-b; (x-b)/(2b) for -b<x<b; 1 for b<x<b+2d; 0 for x<b+2d, (1) where the two-sided portion is 2b long (total) ...

alpha(x) = 1/(sqrt(2pi))int_(-x)^xe^(-t^2/2)dt (1) = sqrt(2/pi)int_0^xe^(-t^2/2)dt (2) = 2Phi(x) (3) = erf(x/(sqrt(2))), (4) where Phi(x) is the normal distribution function ...

A generalization of the confluent hypergeometric differential equation given by (1) The solutions are given by y_1 = x^(-A)e^(-f(x))_1F_1(a;b;h(x)) (2) y_2 = ...