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A catastrophe which can occur for four control factors and one behavior axis. The butterfly catastrophe is the universal unfolding of the singularity f(x)=x^6 of codimension ...

A fractal which can be constructed using string rewriting beginning with a cell [1] and iterating the rules {0->[0 1 0; 1 1 1; 0 1 0],1->[1 1 1; 1 1 1; 1 1 1]}. (1) The size ...

The term "Cartesian" is used to refer to anything that derives from René Descartes' conception of geometry (1637), which is based on the representation of points in the plane ...

For any system that seeks to minimize a function, only seven different local forms of catastrophe "typically" occur for four or fewer variables: 1. Fold catastrophe, 2. Cusp ...

The Cesàro fractal is a fractal also known as the torn square fractal. The base curves and motifs for the two fractals illustrated above are shown below. Starting with a unit ...

The evolute of a circle is a degenerate point at the origin.

A circular sector is a wedge obtained by taking a portion of a disk with central angle theta<pi radians (180 degrees), illustrated above as the shaded region. A sector with ...

Determining the length of a country's coastline is not as simple as it first appears, as first considered by L. F. Richardson (1881-1953) and sometimes known as the ...

Codimension is a term used in a number of algebraic and geometric contexts to indicate the difference between the dimension of certain objects and the dimension of a smaller ...

Two geometric figures are said to be concentric if their centers coincide. The region between two concentric circles is called an annulus. The following table summarizes some ...