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The regular octagon is the regular polygon with eight sides, as illustrated above. The inradius r, circumradius R, and area A of the regular octagon can be computed directly ...

Given a hypergeometric or generalized hypergeometric function _pF_q(a_1,...,a_p;b_1,...,b_q;z), the corresponding regularized hypergeometric function is defined by where ...

An analytic function f(z) whose Laurent series is given by f(z)=sum_(n=-infty)^inftya_n(z-z_0)^n, (1) can be integrated term by term using a closed contour gamma encircling ...

The Ricci curvature tensor, also simply known as the Ricci tensor (Parker and Christensen 1994), is defined by R_(mukappa)=R^lambda_(mulambdakappa), where ...

The study of manifolds having a complete Riemannian metric. Riemannian geometry is a general space based on the line element ds=F(x^1,...,x^n;dx^1,...,dx^n), with F(x,y)>0 ...

The nth roots of unity are roots e^(2piik/n) of the cyclotomic equation x^n=1, which are known as the de Moivre numbers. The notations zeta_k, epsilon_k, and epsilon_k, where ...

A Saunders graphic is a plot of the dth base-b digits of a function f(x,y) as a function of x and y. The plots above show Saunders graphics for the functions ...

The scalar curvature, also called the "curvature scalar" (e.g., Weinberg 1972, p. 135; Misner et al. 1973, p. 222) or "Ricci scalar," is given by R=g^(mukappa)R_(mukappa), ...

Let the minimal length of an addition chain for a number n be denoted l(n). Then the Scholz conjecture, also called the Scholz-Brauer conjecture or Brauer-Scholz conjecture, ...

If one solution (y_1) to a second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')+P(x)y^'+Q(x)y=0 (1) is known, the other (y_2) may be found using the so-called reduction of ...