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The following three pieces of information completely determine the homeomorphic type of a surface (Massey 1996): 1. Orientability, 2. Number of boundary components, 3. Euler ...

A set function is a function whose domain is a collection of sets. In many instances in real analysis, a set function is a function which associates an affinely extended real ...

Rule 90 is one of the elementary cellular automaton rules introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983 (Wolfram 1983, 2002). It specifies the next color in a cell, depending on its ...

A polygonal diagonal is a line segment connecting two nonadjacent polygon vertices of a polygon. The number of ways a fixed convex n-gon can be divided into triangles by ...

A scale-free network is a connected graph or network with the property that the number of links k originating from a given node exhibits a power law distribution ...

A piecewise linear function is a function composed of some number of linear segments defined over an equal number of intervals, usually of equal size. For example, consider ...

The primes with Legendre symbol (n/p)=1 (less than N=pi(d) for trial divisor d) which need be considered when using the quadratic sieve factorization method.

The pseudosquare L_p modulo the odd prime p is the least nonsquare positive integer that is congruent to 1 (mod 8) and for which the Legendre symbol (L_p/q)=1 for all odd ...

Riddell's formula for unlabeled graphs is the Euler transform relating the number of unlabeled connected graphs on n nodes satisfying some property with the corresponding ...

If p divides the numerator of the Bernoulli number B_(2k) for 0<2k<p-1, then (p,2k) is called an irregular pair. For p<30000, the irregular pairs of various forms are p=16843 ...