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A univariate distribution proportional to the F-distribution. If the vector d is Gaussian multivariate-distributed with zero mean and unit covariance matrix N_p(0,I) and M is ...

A hyperbolic fixed point of a differential equation is a fixed point for which the stability matrix has eigenvalues lambda_1<0<lambda_2, also called a saddle point. A ...

The extension of a, an ideal in commutative ring A, in a ring B, is the ideal generated by its image f(a) under a ring homomorphism f. Explicitly, it is any finite sum of the ...

For an n×n matrix, let S denote any permutation e_1, e_2, ..., e_n of the set of numbers 1, 2, ..., n, and let chi^((lambda))(S) be the character of the symmetric group ...

Given a sequence of real numbers a_n, the infimum limit (also called the limit inferior or lower limit), written lim inf and pronounced 'lim-inf,' is the limit of ...

Let Q(x)=Q(x_1,x_2,...,x_n) be an integer-valued n-ary quadratic form, i.e., a polynomial with integer coefficients which satisfies Q(x)>0 for real x!=0. Then Q(x) can be ...

A polynomial of the form f(x)=a_nx^n+a_(n-1)x^(n-1)+...+a_1x+a_0 having coefficients a_i that are all integers. An integer polynomial gives integer values for all integer ...

In univariate interpolation, an interpolant is a function L=L(x) which agrees with a particular function f at a set of known points x_0,x_1,x_2,...,x_n and which is used to ...

The inverse function of the Gudermannian y=gd^(-1)phi gives the vertical position y in the Mercator projection in terms of the latitude phi and may be defined for 0<=x<pi/2 ...

The invertible matrix theorem is a theorem in linear algebra which gives a series of equivalent conditions for an n×n square matrix A to have an inverse. In particular, A is ...