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Subtraction is the operation of taking the difference d=x-y of two numbers x and y. Here, x is called the minuend, y is called the subtrahend, and the symbol between the x ...

Define a Bouniakowsky polynomial as an irreducible polynomial f(x) with integer coefficients, degree >1, and GCD(f(1),f(2),...)=1. The Bouniakowsky conjecture states that ...

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer (except the number 1) can be represented in exactly one way apart from rearrangement as a product of ...

An algorithm originally described by Barnsley in 1988. Pick a point at random inside a regular n-gon. Then draw the next point a fraction r of the distance between it and a ...

A Brauer chain is an addition chain in which each member uses the previous member as an addend. A number n for which a shortest chain exists which is a Brauer chain is called ...

A multiple of a number x is any quantity y=nx with n an integer. If x and y are integers, then x is called a factor of y. The smallest positive number m for which there exist ...

A test which always identifies prime numbers correctly, but may incorrectly identify a composite number as a prime.

One of the Plücker characteristics, defined by p=1/2(n-1)(n-2)-(delta+kappa)=1/2(m-1)(m-2)-(tau+iota), where m is the class, n the order, delta the number of nodes, kappa the ...

The first quadratic nonresidue mod p of a number is always less than 3(lnp)^2/2 (Wedeniwski 2001).

The identity F_n^4-F_(n-2)F_(n-1)F_(n+1)F_(n+2)=1, where F_n is a Fibonacci number.