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In the usual diagram of inclusion homomorphisms, if the upper two maps are injective, then so are the other two. More formally, consider a space X which is expressible as the ...

In general, there are two important types of curvature: extrinsic curvature and intrinsic curvature. The extrinsic curvature of curves in two- and three-space was the first ...

Gaussian curvature, sometimes also called total curvature (Kreyszig 1991, p. 131), is an intrinsic property of a space independent of the coordinate system used to describe ...

The Lagrange interpolating polynomial is the polynomial P(x) of degree <=(n-1) that passes through the n points (x_1,y_1=f(x_1)), (x_2,y_2=f(x_2)), ..., (x_n,y_n=f(x_n)), and ...

Calculus I

The Abel prize is a new mathematics prize of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, dedicated to the memory of Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829) on the occasion of the ...

A fundamental result of de Rham cohomology is that the kth de Rham cohomology vector space of a manifold M is canonically isomorphic to the Alexander-Spanier cohomology ...

An initial point that provides safe convergence of Newton's method (Smale 1981; Petković et al. 1997, p. 1).

The Chern number is defined in terms of the Chern class of a manifold as follows. For any collection Chern classes such that their cup product has the same dimension as the ...

A node which is one graph edge further away from a given node in a rooted tree.