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Let U(P,Q) and V(P,Q) be Lucas sequences generated by P and Q, and define D=P^2-4Q. (1) Let n be an odd composite number with (n,D)=1, and n-(D/n)=2^sd with d odd and s>=0, ...

For a graph vertex x of a graph, let Gamma_x and Delta_x denote the subgraphs of Gamma-x induced by the graph vertices adjacent to and nonadjacent to x, respectively. The ...

A second-tensor rank symmetric tensor is defined as a tensor A for which A^(mn)=A^(nm). (1) Any tensor can be written as a sum of symmetric and antisymmetric parts A^(mn) = ...

For a curve with radius vector r(t), the unit tangent vector T^^(t) is defined by T^^(t) = (r^.)/(|r^.|) (1) = (r^.)/(s^.) (2) = (dr)/(ds), (3) where t is a parameterization ...

An nth-rank tensor in m-dimensional space is a mathematical object that has n indices and m^n components and obeys certain transformation rules. Each index of a tensor ranges ...

The contraction of a tensor is obtained by setting unlike indices equal and summing according to the Einstein summation convention. Contraction reduces the tensor rank by 2. ...

The torsion of a space curve, sometimes also called the "second curvature" (Kreyszig 1991, p. 47), is the rate of change of the curve's osculating plane. The torsion tau is ...

The total domination number gamma_t of a graph is the size of a smallest total dominating set, where a total dominating set is a set of vertices of the graph such that all ...

An ordered vector basisv_1,...,v_n for a finite-dimensional vector space V defines an orientation. Another basis w_i=Av_i gives the same orientation if the matrix A has a ...

A function that can be defined as a Dirichlet series, i.e., is computed as an infinite sum of powers, F(n)=sum_(k=1)^infty[f(k)]^n, where f(k) can be interpreted as the set ...