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The n functions f_1(x), f_2(x), ..., f_n(x) are linearly dependent if, for some c_1, c_2, ..., c_n in R not all zero, sum_(i=1)^nc_if_i(x)=0 (1) for all x in some interval I. ...

States that for a nondissipative Hamiltonian system, phase space density (the area between phase space contours) is constant. This requires that, given a small time increment ...

The symbol o(x), pronounced "little-O of x," is one of the Landau symbols and is used to symbolically express the asymptotic behavior of a given function. In particular, if n ...

lnx is the notation used in physics and engineering to denote the logarithm to base e, also called the natural logarithm, i.e., lnx=log_ex. The United States Department of ...

A topology tau on a topological vector space X=(X,tau) (with X usually assumed to be T2) is said to be locally convex if tau admits a local base at 0 consisting of balanced, ...

The logarithmic capacity of a compact set E in the complex plane is given by gamma(E)=e^(-V(E)), (1) where V(E)=inf_(nu)int_(E×E)ln1/(|u-v|)dnu(u)dnu(v), (2) and nu runs over ...

Infinite series of various simple functions of the logarithm include sum_(k=1)^^^inftylnk = 1/2ln(2pi) (1) sum_(k=1)^^^infty(-1)^klnk = 1/2ln(1/2pi) (2) ...

The function z=f(x)=ln(x/(1-x)). (1) This function has an inflection point at x=1/2, where f^('')(x)=(2x-1)/(x^2(x-1)^2)=0. (2) Applying the logit transformation to values ...

The Lommel differential equation is a generalization of the Bessel differential equation given by z^2y^('')+zy^'+(z^2-nu^2)y=kz^(mu+1), (1) or, in the most general form, by ...

The Lommel polynomials R_(m,nu)(z) arise from the equation J_(m+nu)(z)=J_nu(z)R_(m,nu)(z)-J_(nu-1)(z)R_(m-1,nu+1)(z), (1) where J_nu(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind ...