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For x(0)=a, x = a/(a-2b)[(a-b)cosphi-bcos((a-b)/bphi)] (1) y = a/(a-2b)[(a-b)sinphi+bsin((a-b)/bphi)]. (2) If a/b=n, then x = 1/(n-2)[(n-1)cosphi-cos[(n-1)phi]a (3) y = ...

Given F_1(x,y,z,u,v,w) = 0 (1) F_2(x,y,z,u,v,w) = 0 (2) F_3(x,y,z,u,v,w) = 0, (3) if the determinantof the Jacobian |JF(u,v,w)|=|(partial(F_1,F_2,F_3))/(partial(u,v,w))|!=0, ...

A joint distribution function is a distribution function D(x,y) in two variables defined by D(x,y) = P(X<=x,Y<=y) (1) D_x(x) = lim_(y->infty)D(x,y) (2) D_y(y) = ...

Approximations to Khinchin's constant include K = -(ln85181832)/(tan8) (1) = 1/(29)sqrt(6065) (2) = 6-sqrt(ln59055) (3) = 18^(27/79), (4) which are correct to 9, 7, 6, and 5 ...

Lehmer's formula is a formula for the prime counting function, pi(x) = (1) where |_x_| is the floor function, a = pi(x^(1/4)) (2) b = pi(x^(1/2)) (3) b_i = pi(sqrt(x/p_i)) ...

For two lines in the plane with endpoints (x_1,x_2) and (x_3,x_4), the angle between them is given by costheta=((x_2-x_1)·(x_4-x_3))/(|x_2-x_1||x_4-x_3|). (1) The angle theta ...

The catacaustic of a logarithmic spiral, where the origin is taken as the radiant point, is another logarithmic spiral. For an original spiral with parametric equations x = ...

The pedal curve of a logarithmic spiral with parametric equation f = e^(at)cost (1) g = e^(at)sint (2) for a pedal point at the pole is an identical logarithmic spiral x = ...

Given a Lyapunov characteristic exponent sigma_i, the corresponding Lyapunov characteristic number lambda_i is defined as lambda_i=e^(sigma_i). (1) For an n-dimensional ...

Polynomials s_n(x) which form the Sheffer sequence for f^(-1)(t)=1+t-e^t, (1) where f^(-1)(t) is the inverse function of f(t), and have generating function ...