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The downward Clenshaw recurrence formula evaluates a sum of products of indexed coefficients by functions which obey a recurrence relation. If f(x)=sum_(k=0)^Nc_kF_k(x) (1) ...

A linear operator A:D(A)->H from its domain D(A) into a Hilbert space H is closable if it has a closed extension B:D(B)->H where D(A) subset D(B). Closable operators are ...

There are several equivalent definitions of a closed set. Let S be a subset of a metric space. A set S is closed if 1. The complement of S is an open set, 2. S is its own set ...

The simple first-order difference equation y_(t+1)-Ay_t=B, (1) where A = -(m_s)/(m_d) (2) B = (b_d-b_s)/(m_d) (3) and D_t = -m_dp_t+b_d (4) S_(t+1) = m_sp_t+b_s (5) are the ...

A code is a set of n-tuples of elements ("words") taken from an alphabet. The designation "code n" is also given to the nth totalistic cellular automaton in Wolfram's ...

A coequalizer of a pair of maps f,g:X->Y in a category is a map c:Y->C such that 1. c degreesf=c degreesg, where degrees denotes composition. 2. For any other map c^':Y->C^' ...

The coheight of a proper ideal I of a commutative Noetherian unit ring R is the Krull dimension of the quotient ring R/I. The coheight is related to the height of I by the ...

After a half rotation of the coin on the left around the central coin (of the same radius), the coin undergoes a complete rotation. In other words, a coin makes two complete ...

A function H that maps an arbitrary length message M to a fixed length message digest MD is a collision-free hash function if 1. It is a one-way hash function. 2. It is hard ...

The subset C of the Euclidean plane formed by the union of the x-axis, the line segment with interval [0,1] of the y-axis, and the sequence of segments with endpoints (1/n,0) ...