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The backward difference is a finite difference defined by del _p=del f_p=f_p-f_(p-1). (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the backward ...

The numbers three and four appear prominently in the game of baseball. There are three strikes for an out, three outs per half-inning (i.e., teams switch after three outs, ...

A binary quadratic form is a quadratic form in two variables having the form Q(x,y)=ax^2+2bxy+cy^2, (1) commonly denoted <a,b,c>. Consider a binary quadratic form with real ...

Gauss stated the reciprocity theorem for the case n=4 x^4=q (mod p) (1) can be solved using the Gaussian integers as ...

Let s(x,y,z) and t(x,y,z) be differentiable scalar functions defined at all points on a surface S. In computer graphics, the functions s and t often represent texture ...

The term Bol loop refers to either of two classes of algebraic loops satisfying the so-called Bol identities. In particular, a left Bol loop is an algebraic loop L which, for ...

A Borel set is an element of a Borel sigma-algebra. Roughly speaking, Borel sets are the sets that can be constructed from open or closed sets by repeatedly taking countable ...

A roll of two 6s (the highest roll possible) on a pair of 6-sided dice. The probability of rolling boxcars in a single roll of two dice is 1/36, or 2.777...%. In order to ...

As defined by Kyrmse, a canonical polygon is a closed polygon whose vertices lie on a point lattice and whose edges consist of vertical and horizontal steps of unit length or ...

The problem of finding the number of different ways in which a product of n different ordered factors can be calculated by pairs (i.e., the number of binary bracketings of n ...