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The Euler formula, sometimes also called the Euler identity (e.g., Trott 2004, p. 174), states e^(ix)=cosx+isinx, (1) where i is the imaginary unit. Note that Euler's ...

The angles mpi/n (with m,n integers) for which the trigonometric functions may be expressed in terms of finite root extraction of real numbers are limited to values of m ...

Closed forms are known for the sums of reciprocals of even-indexed Lucas numbers P_L^((e)) = sum_(n=1)^(infty)1/(L_(2n)) (1) = sum_(n=1)^(infty)1/(phi^(2n)+phi^(-2n)) (2) = ...

A class number formula is a finite series giving exactly the class number of a ring. For a ring of quadratic integers, the class number is denoted h(d), where d is the ...

Lehmer's formula is a formula for the prime counting function, pi(x) = (1) where |_x_| is the floor function, a = pi(x^(1/4)) (2) b = pi(x^(1/2)) (3) b_i = pi(sqrt(x/p_i)) ...

The Sherman-Morrison formula is a formula that allows a perturbed matrix to be computed for a change to a given matrix A. If the change can be written in the form u tensor v ...

Let phi(x_1,...,x_m) be an L_(exp) formula, where L_(exp)=L union {e^x} and L is the language of ordered rings L={+,-,·,<,0,1}. Then there exist n>=m and f_1,...,f_s in ...

The Meijer G-function is a very general function which reduces to simpler special functions in many common cases. The Meijer G-function is defined by (1) where Gamma(s) is ...

Einstein summation is a notational convention for simplifying expressions including summations of vectors, matrices, and general tensors. There are essentially three rules of ...

Consider expressions built up from variables and constants using function symbols. If v_1, ..., v_n are variables and t_1, ..., t_n are expressions, then a set of mappings ...