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An unsolvable problem in logic dating back to the ancient Greeks and quoted, for example, by German philosopher Carl von Prantl (1855). The dilemma consists of a crocodile ...

Based on a problem in particle physics, Dyson (1962abc) conjectured that the constant term in the Laurent series product_(1<=i!=j<=n)(1-(x_i)/(x_j))^(a_i) is the multinomial ...

The Gelfond-Schneider constant is the number 2^(sqrt(2))=2.66514414... (OEIS A007507) that is known to be transcendental by Gelfond's theorem. Both the Gelfand-Schneider ...

The number of elements in a group G, denoted |G|. If the order of a group is a finite number, the group is said to be a finite group. The order of an element g of a finite ...

A formal logic developed by Alonzo Church and Stephen Kleene to address the computable number problem. In the lambda calculus, lambda is defined as the abstraction operator. ...

Let G=(V,E) be a (not necessarily simple) undirected edge-weighted graph with nonnegative weights. A cut C of G is any nontrivial subset of V, and the weight of the cut is ...

Isolated resonances in a dynamical system can cause considerable distortion of preserved tori in their neighborhood, but they do not introduce any chaos into a system. ...

Let h:{0,1}^(l(n))×{0,1}^n->{0,1}^(m(n)) be efficiently computable by an algorithm (solving a P-problem). For fixed y in {0,1}^(l(n)), view h(x,y) as a function h_y(x) of x ...

Machin-like formulas have the form mcot^(-1)u+ncot^(-1)v=1/4kpi, (1) where u, v, and k are positive integers and m and n are nonnegative integers. Some such formulas can be ...

The totient function phi(n), also called Euler's totient function, is defined as the number of positive integers <=n that are relatively prime to (i.e., do not contain any ...