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The transitive closure of a binary relation R on a set X is the minimal transitive relation R^' on X that contains R. Thus aR^'b for any elements a and b of X provided that ...

The "trefoil" curve is the name given by Cundy and Rollett (1989, p. 72) to the quartic plane curve given by the equation x^4+x^2y^2+y^4=x(x^2-y^2). (1) As such, it is a ...

The 60-faced dual polyhedron of the truncated dodecahedron A_(10) (Holden 1971, p. 55) and Wenninger dual W_(10). Wenninger (1989, p. 46) calls the small triambic icosahedron ...

A square matrix with nonzero elements only on the diagonal and slots horizontally or vertically adjacent the diagonal (i.e., along the subdiagonal and superdiagonal), [a_(11) ...

A two-graph (V,Delta) on nodes V is a collection Delta of unordered triples of the vertices (the so-called "odd triples") such that each 4-tuple of V contains an even number ...

The term two-sided ideal is used in noncommutative rings to denote a subset that is both a right ideal and a left ideal. In commutative rings, where right and left are ...

The union of two sets A and B is the set obtained by combining the members of each. This is written A union B, and is pronounced "A union B" or "A cup B." The union of sets ...

A variate is a generalization of the concept of a random variable that is defined without reference to a particular type of probabilistic experiment. It is defined as the set ...

The vertex set of a graph is simply a set of all vertices of the graph. The cardinality of the vertex set for a given graph g is known as the vertex count of g. The vertex ...

The vierergruppe is the Abelian abstract group on four elements that is isomorphic to the finite group C2×C2 and the dihedral group D_2. The multiplication table of one ...