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Solutions to the associated Laguerre differential equation with nu!=0 and k an integer are called associated Laguerre polynomials L_n^k(x) (Arfken 1985, p. 726) or, in older ...

A biquadratic number is a fourth power, n^4. The first few biquadratic numbers are 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, ... (OEIS A000583). The minimum number of biquadratic numbers needed ...

A derangement is a permutation in which none of the objects appear in their "natural" (i.e., ordered) place. For example, the only derangements of {1,2,3} are {2,3,1} and ...

The distinct prime factors of a positive integer n>=2 are defined as the omega(n) numbers p_1, ..., p_(omega(n)) in the prime factorization ...

The Farey sequence F_n for any positive integer n is the set of irreducible rational numbers a/b with 0<=a<=b<=n and (a,b)=1 arranged in increasing order. The first few are ...

A finite field is a field with a finite field order (i.e., number of elements), also called a Galois field. The order of a finite field is always a prime or a power of a ...

Let Pi be a permutation of n elements, and let alpha_i be the number of permutation cycles of length i in this permutation. Picking Pi at random, it turns out that ...

The series sum_(k=1)^infty1/k (1) is called the harmonic series. It can be shown to diverge using the integral test by comparison with the function 1/x. The divergence, ...

The inverse cotangent is the multivalued function cot^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arccotz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Harris and Stocker 1998, p. ...

Linear programming, sometimes known as linear optimization, is the problem of maximizing or minimizing a linear function over a convex polyhedron specified by linear and ...