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"Arabic numerals" are the numerical symbols 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0. Historically, Indian numerals evolved in Arab usage roughly 1000 A.D., and there was rare ...

In order to find a root of a polynomial equation a_0x^n+a_1x^(n-1)+...+a_n=0, (1) consider the difference equation a_0y(t+n)+a_1y(t+n-1)+...+a_ny(t)=0, (2) which is known to ...

Decimal is the base-10 notational system for representing real numbers. The expression of a number using the decimal system is called its decimal expansion, examples of which ...

Let f:R×R->R be a one-parameter family of C^3 maps satisfying f(0,0) = 0 (1) [(partialf)/(partialx)]_(mu=0,x=0) = -1 (2) [(partial^2f)/(partialx^2)]_(mu=0,x=0) < 0 (3) ...

A linear transformation of period two. Since a linear transformation has the form, lambda^'=(alphalambda+beta)/(gammalambda+delta), (1) applying the transformation a second ...

The Kermack-McKendrick model is an SIR model for the number of people infected with a contagious illness in a closed population over time. It was proposed to explain the ...

If y has period 2pi, y^' is L^2, and int_0^(2pi)ydx=0, (1) then int_0^(2pi)y^2dx<int_0^(2pi)y^('2)dx (2) unless y=Acosx+Bsinx (3) (Hardy et al. 1988). Another inequality ...

A generalization of Fermat's little theorem. Euler published a proof of the following more general theorem in 1736. Let phi(n) denote the totient function. Then a^(phi(n))=1 ...

Binet's first formula for the log gamma function lnGamma(z), where Gamma(z) is a gamma function, is given by for R[z]>0 (Erdélyi et al. 1981, p. 21; Whittaker and Watson ...

The first Debye function is defined by D_n^((1))(x) = int_0^x(t^ndt)/(e^t-1) (1) = x^n[1/n-x/(2(n+1))+sum_(k=1)^(infty)(B_(2k)x^(2k))/((2k+n)(2k!))], (2) for |x|<2pi, n>=1, ...