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A complex number z may be represented as z=x+iy=|z|e^(itheta), (1) where |z| is a positive real number called the complex modulus of z, and theta (sometimes also denoted phi) ...

A composite number n is a positive integer n>1 which is not prime (i.e., which has factors other than 1 and itself). The first few composite numbers (sometimes called ...

Computational number theory is the branch of number theory concerned with finding and implementing efficient computer algorithms for solving various problems in number ...

A complete set of mutually conjugate group elements. Each element in a group belongs to exactly one class, and the identity element (I=1) is always in its own class. The ...

The Diffie-Hellman protocol is a method for two computer users to generate a shared private key with which they can then exchange information across an insecure channel. Let ...

If a complex function is analytic at all finite points of the complex plane C, then it is said to be entire, sometimes also called "integral" (Knopp 1996, p. 112). Any ...

In the IEEE 754-2008 standard (referred to as IEEE 754 henceforth), a floating-point representation is an unencoded member of a floating-point format which represents either ...

A free idempotent monoid is a monoid that satisfies the identity x^2=x and is generated by a set of elements. If the generating set of such a monoid is finite, then so is the ...

A plane path on a set of equally spaced lattice points, starting at the origin, where the first step is one unit to the north or south, the second step is two units to the ...

The plane figure formed by a sequence of circles C_1, C_2, C_3, ... that are all tangent to each other at the same point and such that the sequence of radii converges to ...