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Written in the notation of partial derivatives, the d'Alembertian square ^2 in a flat spacetime is defined by square ^2=del ^2-1/(c^2)(partial^2)/(partialt^2), where c is the ...

A k-matrix is a kind of cube root of the identity matrix (distinct from the identity matrix) which is defined by the complex matrix k=[0 0 -i; i 0 0; 0 1 0]. It satisfies ...

A vector basis of a vector space V is defined as a subset v_1,...,v_n of vectors in V that are linearly independent and span V. Consequently, if (v_1,v_2,...,v_n) is a list ...

The Dirac matrices are a class of 4×4 matrices which arise in quantum electrodynamics. There are a variety of different symbols used, and Dirac matrices are also known as ...

The resolution principle, due to Robinson (1965), is a method of theorem proving that proceeds by constructing refutation proofs, i.e., proofs by contradiction. This method ...

A discontinuity is point at which a mathematical object is discontinuous. The left figure above illustrates a discontinuity in a one-variable function while the right figure ...

In continuum percolation theory, the so-called germ-grain model is an obvious generalization of both the Boolean and Boolean-Poisson models which is driven by an arbitrary ...

A uniquely Hamiltonian graph is a graph possessing a single Hamiltonian cycle. Classes of uniquely Hamiltonian graphs include the cycle graphs C_n, Hanoi graphs H_n, ladder ...

A Banach space is a complete vector space B with a norm ||·||. Two norms ||·||_((1)) and ||·||_((2)) are called equivalent if they give the same topology, which is equivalent ...

The subset B of the Euclidean plane formed by the union of the interval [0,1] of the x-axis and all line segments of unit length passing through the origin which form an ...