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Given a unit circle, pick two points at random on its circumference, forming a chord. Without loss of generality, the first point can be taken as (1,0), and the second by ...

A complete set of mutually conjugate group elements. Each element in a group belongs to exactly one class, and the identity element (I=1) is always in its own class. The ...

A cylindrical projection of points on a unit sphere centered at O consists of extending the line OS for each point S until it intersects a cylinder tangent to the sphere at ...

The term domain has (at least) three different meanings in mathematics. The term domain is most commonly used to describe the set of values D for which a function (map, ...

A hypergeometric identity discovered by Ramanujan around 1910. From Hardy (1999, pp. 13 and 102-103), (1) where a^((n))=a(a+1)...(a+n-1) (2) is the rising factorial (a.k.a. ...

The matrix decomposition of a square matrix A into so-called eigenvalues and eigenvectors is an extremely important one. This decomposition generally goes under the name ...

The term Euclidean refers to everything that can historically or logically be referred to Euclid's monumental treatise The Thirteen Books of the Elements, written around the ...

Given a triangle, extend two sides in the direction opposite their common vertex. The circle tangent to these two lines and to the other side of the triangle is called an ...

The polynomials G_n(x;a,b) given by the associated Sheffer sequence with f(t)=e^(at)(e^(bt)-1), (1) where b!=0. The inverse function (and therefore generating function) ...

A group G is said to act on a set X when there is a map phi:G×X->X such that the following conditions hold for all elements x in X. 1. phi(e,x)=x where e is the identity ...