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How many times can a shape be completely surrounded by copies of itself without being able to tile the entire plane, i.e., what is the maximum (finite) Heesch number?

A type of point at infinity in which parallel lines in the hyperbolic plane intersect at infinity in one direction, while diverging from one another in the other.

Let a plane figure have area A and perimeter p. Then Q=(4piA)/(p^2)<=1, where Q is known as the isoperimetric quotient. The equation becomes an equality only for a circle.

A line in the complex plane with slope +/-i. An isotropic line passes through either of the circular points at infinity. Isotropic lines are perpendicular to themselves.

A Jensen disk is a disk in the complex plane whose diameter joins complex conjugate roots of a polynomial (Trott 2004, p. 22).

In the depiction of a row of identical columns parallel to the plane of a perspective drawing, the outer columns should appear wider even though they are farther away.

A bounded entire function in the complex plane C is constant. The fundamental theorem of algebra follows as a simple corollary.

The portion of the complex plane {x+iy:x,y in (-infty,infty)} satisfying y=I[z]<0, i.e., {x+iy:x in (-infty,infty),y in (-infty,0)}

A line of constant longitude on a spheroid (or sphere). More generally, a meridian of a surface of revolution is the intersection of the surface with a plane containing the ...

The unique 8_3 configuration. It is transitive and self-dual, but cannot be realized in the real projective plane. Its Levi graph is the Möbius-Kantor graph.