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The "mathematical paradigm" is a term that may be applied to the fundamental idea that events in the world can be described by mathematical equations, and that solutions to ...

A nondeterministic Turing machine is a "parallel" Turing machine that can take many computational paths simultaneously, with the restriction that the parallel Turing machines ...

Ore algebra is an algebra of noncommutative polynomials representing linear operators for functional equations such as linear differential or difference equations. Ore ...

A problem is assigned to the P (polynomial time) class if there exists at least one algorithm to solve that problem, such that the number of steps of the algorithm is bounded ...

The P versus NP problem is the determination of whether all NP-problems are actually P-problems. If P and NP are not equivalent, then the solution of NP-problems requires (in ...

A set of two numbers or objects linked in some way is said to be a pair. The pair a and b is usually denoted (a, b), and is generally considered to be ordered, making it a ...

An algorithm is said to be solvable in polynomial time if the number of steps required to complete the algorithm for a given input is O(n^k) for some nonnegative integer k, ...

A set A of integers is productive if there exists a partial recursive function f such that, for any x, the following holds: If the domain of phi_x is a subset of A, then f(x) ...

A type of cryptography in which the encoding key is revealed without compromising the encoded message. The two best-known methods are the knapsack problem and RSA encryption.

A qubit (or quantum bit) is the analog of a bit for quantum computation. Unlike an ordinary bit, which may only assume two possible values (usually called 0 and 1), a qubit ...