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Let omega_1 and omega_2 be periods of a doubly periodic function, with tau=omega_2/omega_1 the half-period ratio a number with I[tau]!=0. Then Klein's absolute invariant ...

Smale's problems are a list of 18 challenging problems for the twenty-first century proposed by Field medalist Steven Smale. These problems were inspired in part by Hilbert's ...

A tag system is set of rules that specifies a fixed number of elements (commonly denoted nu or beta) be removed from the beginning of a sequence and a set of elements to be ...

An apodization function (also called a tapering function or window function) is a function used to smoothly bring a sampled signal down to zero at the edges of the sampled ...

Consider a Boolean algebra of subsets b(A) generated by a set A, which is the set of subsets of A that can be obtained by means of a finite number of the set operations ...

The Lovász number theta(G) of a graph G, sometimes also called the theta function of G, was introduced by Lovász (1979) with the explicit goal of estimating the Shannon ...

In the technical combinatorial sense, an a-ary necklace of length n is a string of n characters, each of a possible types. Rotation is ignored, in the sense that b_1b_2...b_n ...

Let alpha(G) denote the independence number of a graph G. Then the Shannon capacity Theta(G), sometimes also denoted c(G), of G is defined as ...

On a Lie group, exp is a map from the Lie algebra to its Lie group. If you think of the Lie algebra as the tangent space to the identity of the Lie group, exp(v) is defined ...

In August 2002, M. Agrawal and colleagues announced a deterministic algorithm for determining if a number is prime that runs in polynomial time (Agrawal et al. 2004). While ...