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The logarithm log_bx for a base b and a number x is defined to be the inverse function of taking b to the power x, i.e., b^x. Therefore, for any x and b, x=log_b(b^x), (1) or ...

For s_1,s_2=+/-1, lim_(epsilon_1->0; epsilon_2->0)1/(x_1-is_1epsilon_1)1/(x_2-is_2epsilon_2) =[PV(1/(x_1))+ipis_1delta(x_1)][PV(1/(x_2))+ipis_2delta(x_2)] ...

The Chern number is defined in terms of the Chern class of a manifold as follows. For any collection Chern classes such that their cup product has the same dimension as the ...

Consecutive numbers (or more properly, consecutive integers) are integers n_1 and n_2 such that n_2-n_1=1, i.e., n_2 follows immediately after n_1. Given two consecutive ...

Each of the sets forming a direct product is said to be a direct factor. A group G is said to be a direct factor of the group G^' if G^' is isomorphic to the group direct ...

The dot product can be defined for two vectors X and Y by X·Y=|X||Y|costheta, (1) where theta is the angle between the vectors and |X| is the norm. It follows immediately ...

The amazing polynomial identity communicated by Euler in a letter to Goldbach on April 12, 1749 (incorrectly given as April 15, 1705--before Euler was born--in Conway and Guy ...

The free product G*H of groups G and H is the set of elements of the form g_1h_1g_2h_2...g_rh_r, where g_i in G and h_i in H, with g_1 and h_r possibly equal to e, the ...

In general, a graph product of two graphs G and H is a new graph whose vertex set is V(G)×V(H) and where, for any two vertices (g,h) and (g^',h^') in the product, the ...

In simple algebra, multiplication is the process of calculating the result when a number a is taken b times. The result of a multiplication is called the product of a and b, ...