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Specifying two adjacent angles A and B and the side between them c uniquely (up to geometric congruence) determines a triangle with area K=(c^2)/(2(cotA+cotB)). (1) The angle ...

An addition chain for a number n is a sequence 1=a_0<a_1<...<a_r=n, such that each member after a_0 is the sum of two earlier (not necessarily distinct) ones. The number r is ...

An angle bracket is the combination of a bra and ket (bra+ket = bracket) which represents the inner product of two functions or vectors (or 1-forms), <f|g>=intf(x)g^|(x)dx in ...

The Bellman-Ford algorithm is an algorithm for solving the shortest path problem, i.e., finding a graph geodesic between two given vertices. Other algorithms that can be used ...

A binary operation f(x,y) is an operation that applies to two quantities or expressions x and y. A binary operation on a nonempty set A is a map f:A×A->A such that 1. f is ...

A capsule is a term coined here for a stadium of revolution, i.e., a cylinder with two hemispherical caps on either end. The capsule is implemented in the Wolfram Language as ...

There are two completely different definitions of Cayley numbers. The first and most commonly encountered type of Cayley number is the eight elements in a Cayley algebra, ...

A function that joins univariate distribution functions to form multivariate distribution functions. A two-dimensional copula is a function C:I^2->I such that C(0,t)=C(t,0)=0 ...

An equation of the form y=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d, (1) where two of the roots of the equation coincide (and all three are therefore real), i.e., y = a(x-r_1)^2(x-r_2) (2) = ...

There are two similar but distinct concepts related to equidecomposability: "equidecomposable" and "equidecomposable by dissection." The difference is in that the pieces ...