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Poincaré's lemma says that on a contractible manifold, all closed forms are exact. While d^2=0 implies that all exact forms are closed, it is not always true that all closed ...

The equation of a line ax+by+c=0 in slope-intercept form is given by y=-a/bx-c/b, (1) so the line has slope -a/b. Now consider the distance from a point (x_0,y_0) to the ...

Let a line in three dimensions be specified by two points x_1=(x_1,y_1,z_1) and x_2=(x_2,y_2,z_2) lying on it, so a vector along the line is given by v=[x_1+(x_2-x_1)t; ...

Given a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 (1) and a point x_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0), the normal vector to the plane is given by v=[a; b; c], (2) and a vector from the plane to the point is given by ...

In Euclidean space R^3, the curve that minimizes the distance between two points is clearly a straight line segment. This can be shown mathematically as follows using ...

A theory of constructing initial conditions that provides safe convergence of a numerical root-finding algorithm for an equation f(z)=0. Point estimation theory treats ...

In finding the average area A^__R of a triangle chosen from a closed, bounded, convex region R of the plane, then A^__(T(R))=A^__R, for T any nonsingular affine ...

Let u and v be any functions of a set of variables (q_1,...,q_n,p_1,...,p_n). Then the expression ...

There are at least two integrals called the Poisson integral. The first is also known as Bessel's second integral, ...

The integral kernel in the Poisson integral, given by K(psi)=1/(2pi)(1-|z_0|^2)/(|z_0-e^(ipsi)|^2) (1) for the open unit disk D(0,1). Writing z_0=re^(itheta) and taking ...