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A n×n matrix A is an orthogonal matrix if AA^(T)=I, (1) where A^(T) is the transpose of A and I is the identity matrix. In particular, an orthogonal matrix is always ...

The notion of parallel transport on a manifold M makes precise the idea of translating a vector field V along a differentiable curve to attain a new vector field V^' which is ...

Two losing gambling games can be set up so that when they are played one after the other, they become winning. There are many ways to construct such scenarios, the simplest ...

The path covering number (or path-covering number; Slater 1972) of a graph G, variously denoted as summarized below, is the minimum number of vertex-disjoint paths that cover ...

The Pell-Lucas numbers are the V_ns in the Lucas sequence with P=2 and Q=-1, and correspond to the Pell-Lucas polynomial Q_n(1). The Pell-Lucas number Q_n is equal to ...

The mean triangle area of a triangle picked inside a regular n-gon of unit area is A^__n=(9cos^2omega+52cosomega+44)/(36n^2sin^2omega), (1) where omega=2pi/n (Alikoski 1939; ...

A principal bundle is a special case of a fiber bundle where the fiber is a group G. More specifically, G is usually a Lie group. A principal bundle is a total space E along ...

A projection matrix P is an n×n square matrix that gives a vector space projection from R^n to a subspace W. The columns of P are the projections of the standard basis ...

A prolate spheroid is a spheroid that is "pointy" instead of "squashed," i.e., one for which the polar radius c is greater than the equatorial radius a, so c>a (called ...

One of the four divisions of observations which have been grouped into four equal-sized sets based on their statistical rank. The quartile including the top statistically ...