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Let A be an n×n matrix with complex or real elements with eigenvalues lambda_1, ..., lambda_n. Then the spectral radius rho(A) of A is rho(A)=max_(1<=i<=n)|lambda_i|, i.e., ...

The transitive closure of a binary relation R on a set X is the minimal transitive relation R^' on X that contains R. Thus aR^'b for any elements a and b of X provided that ...

A permutation problem invented by Cayley. Let the numbers 1, 2, ..., n be written on a set of cards, and shuffle this deck of cards. Now, start counting using the top card. ...

A problem asking for the shortest tour of a graph which visits each edge at least once (Kwan 1962; Skiena 1990, p. 194). For an Eulerian graph, an Eulerian cycle is the ...

The set of all edge automorphisms of G, denoted Aut^*(G). Let L(G) be the line graph of a graph G. Then the edge automorphism group Aut^*(G) is isomorphic to Aut(L(G)), ...

The size of a minimum edge cover in a graph G is known as the edge cover number of G, denoted rho(G). If a graph G has no isolated points, then nu(G)+rho(G)=|G|, where nu(G) ...

The lower clique number omega_L(G) of a graph G may be defined as the size of a smallest maximal clique in a graph G. It therefore corresponds to the coefficient of the ...

The correspondence which relates the Hanoi graph to the isomorphic graph of the odd binomial coefficients in Pascal's triangle, where the adjacencies are determined by ...

The maximal independence polynomial I_G(x) for the graph G may be defined as the polynomial I_G(x)=sum_(k=i(G))^(alpha(G))s_kx^k, where i(G) is the lower independence number, ...

The maximal irredundance polynomial R_G(x) for the graph G may be defined as the polynomial R_G(x)=sum_(k=ir(G))^(IR(G))r_kx^k, where ir(G) is the (lower) irredundance ...