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The Euler formula, sometimes also called the Euler identity (e.g., Trott 2004, p. 174), states e^(ix)=cosx+isinx, (1) where i is the imaginary unit. Note that Euler's ...

The Euler polynomial E_n(x) is given by the Appell sequence with g(t)=1/2(e^t+1), (1) giving the generating function (2e^(xt))/(e^t+1)=sum_(n=0)^inftyE_n(x)(t^n)/(n!). (2) ...

A dissection of a rectangle into smaller rectangles such that the original rectangle is not divided into two subrectangles. Rectangle dissections into 3, 4, or 6 pieces ...

Let C^*(u) denote the number of nowhere-zero u-flows on a connected graph G with vertex count n, edge count m, and connected component count c. This quantity is called the ...

Flower graphs are a name given in this work to the generalization of the flower snarks J_n for positive n=5, 7, 9, ... to all integer n>=5. They are illustrated above for n=5 ...

Pick any two relatively prime integers h and k, then the circle C(h,k) of radius 1/(2k^2) centered at (h/k,+/-1/(2k^2)) is known as a Ford circle. No matter what and how many ...

A forest is an acyclic graph (i.e., a graph without any graph cycles). Forests therefore consist only of (possibly disconnected) trees, hence the name "forest." Examples of ...

A bridge of a connected graph is a graph edge whose removal disconnects the graph (Chartrand 1985, p. 45; Skiena 1990, p. 177). More generally, a bridge is an edge of a ...

The first Hardy-Littlewood conjecture is called the k-tuple conjecture. It states that the asymptotic number of prime constellations can be computed explicitly. A particular ...

A graph G=(V,E) is an interval graph if it captures the intersection relation for some set of intervals on the real line. Formally, P is an interval graph provided that one ...