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Four circles may be drawn through an arbitrary point P on a torus. The first two circles are obvious: one is in the plane of the torus and the second perpendicular to it. The ...

The "witch of Agnesi" is a curve studied by Maria Agnesi in 1748 in her book Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana (the first surviving mathematical work ...

The nth root (or "nth radical") of a quantity z is a value r such that z=r^n, and therefore is the inverse function to the taking of a power. The nth root is denoted ...

The van Aubel line is the line in the plane of a reference triangle that connects the orthocenter H and symmedian point K, and symmedian point of the orthic triangle. The ...

The associated Legendre polynomials P_l^m(x) and P_l^(-m)(x) generalize the Legendre polynomials P_l(x) and are solutions to the associated Legendre differential equation, ...

The Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind are a set of orthogonal polynomials defined as the solutions to the Chebyshev differential equation and denoted T_n(x). They are ...

In general, there are two important types of curvature: extrinsic curvature and intrinsic curvature. The extrinsic curvature of curves in two- and three-space was the first ...

A polynomial given by Phi_n(x)=product_(k=1)^n^'(x-zeta_k), (1) where zeta_k are the roots of unity in C given by zeta_k=e^(2piik/n) (2) and k runs over integers relatively ...

An elliptic integral is an integral of the form int(A(x)+B(x)sqrt(S(x)))/(C(x)+D(x)sqrt(S(x)))dx, (1) or int(A(x)dx)/(B(x)sqrt(S(x))), (2) where A(x), B(x), C(x), and D(x) ...

The Thue-Morse sequence, also called the Morse-Thue sequence or Prouhet-Thue-Morse sequence (Allouche and Cosnard 2000), is one of a number of related sequences of numbers ...