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The index of a permutation p is defined as the sum of all subscripts j such that p_j>p_(j+1), for 1<=j<=n. MacMahon (1960) proved that the number of permutations of size n ...

For any constructible function f, there exists a function P_f such that for all functions t, the following two statements are equivalent: 1. There exists an algorithm A such ...

A tree to whose nodes and/or edges labels (usually number) are assigned. The word "weight" also has a more specific meaning when applied to trees, namely the weight of a tree ...

A periodic continued fraction is a continued fraction (generally a regular continued fraction) whose terms eventually repeat from some point onwards. The minimal number of ...

E. Pegg Jr. (pers. comm., Nov. 8, 2004) found an approximation to Apéry's constant zeta(3) given by zeta(3) approx 10+zeta(16)-sqrt(96), (1) which is good to 6 digits. M. ...

Consider solutions to the equation x^y=y^x. (1) Real solutions are given by x=y for x,y>0, together with the solution of (lny)/y=(lnx)/x, (2) which is given by ...

The circuit rank gamma, also denoted mu (Volkmann 1996, Babić et al. 2002) or beta (White 2001, p. 56) and known as the cycle rank (e.g., White 2001, p. 56), (first) graph ...

Let A(n) denote the number of partitions of n into parts =2,5,11 (mod 12), let B(n) denote the number of partitions of n into distinct parts =2,4,5 (mod 6), and let C(n) ...

A vertex coloring is an assignment of labels or colors to each vertex of a graph such that no edge connects two identically colored vertices. The most common type of vertex ...

The absolute square of a complex number z, also known as the squared norm, is defined as |z|^2=zz^_, (1) where z^_ denotes the complex conjugate of z and |z| is the complex ...