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Picking two independent sets of points x and y from a unit uniform distribution and placing them at coordinates (x,y) gives points uniformly distributed over the unit square. ...

Iff p is a prime, then (p-1)!+1 is a multiple of p, that is (p-1)!=-1 (mod p). (1) This theorem was proposed by John Wilson and published by Waring (1770), although it was ...

In two dimensions, there are two periodic circle packings for identical circles: square lattice and hexagonal lattice. In 1940, Fejes Tóth proved that the hexagonal lattice ...

A mathematical procedure for finding the best-fitting curve to a given set of points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the offsets ("the residuals") of the points from ...

Machin-like formulas have the form mcot^(-1)u+ncot^(-1)v=1/4kpi, (1) where u, v, and k are positive integers and m and n are nonnegative integers. Some such formulas can be ...

What is the maximum number of queens that can be placed on an n×n chessboard such that no two attack one another? The answer is n-1 queens for n=2 or n=3 and n queens ...

Define the packing density eta of a packing of spheres to be the fraction of a volume filled by the spheres. In three dimensions, there are three periodic packings for ...

In general, a tetrahedron is a polyhedron with four sides. If all faces are congruent, the tetrahedron is known as an isosceles tetrahedron. If all faces are congruent to an ...

The number of representations of n by k squares, allowing zeros and distinguishing signs and order, is denoted r_k(n). The special case k=2 corresponding to two squares is ...

Given three objects, each of which may be a point, line, or circle, draw a circle that is tangent to each. There are a total of ten cases. The two easiest involve three ...