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In geometry, an endpoint is one of the two points at the boundary of a line segment. In analysis, an endpoint is one of the two points at the boundary of a closed interval or ...

The Sombor spectral radius rho_(Sombor) of a graph is defined as the largest eigenvalue of the Sombor matrix. Liu et al. (2022) shows that for any tree, ...

A connected dominating set in a connected graph G is a dominating set in G whose vertices induce a connected subgraph, i.e., one in which there is no dominating vertex not ...

A diagonal matrix D=diag(d_1,...,d_n) sometimes also called the valency matrix corresponding to a graph that has the vertex degree of d_i in the ith position (Skiena 1990, p. ...

A path gamma is a continuous mapping gamma:[a,b]|->C^0, where gamma(a) is the initial point, gamma(b) is the final point, and C^0 denotes the space of continuous functions. ...

The Laplacian spectral ratio R_L(G) of a connected graph G is defined as the ratio of its Laplacian spectral radius to its algebraic connectivity. If a connected graph of ...

Ramsey's theorem is a generalization of Dilworth's lemma which states for each pair of positive integers k and l there exists an integer R(k,l) (known as the Ramsey number) ...

The resistance distance between vertices i and j of a graph G is defined as the effective resistance between the two vertices (as when a battery is attached across them) when ...

The Laplacian matrix, sometimes also called the admittance matrix (Cvetković et al. 1998, Babić et al. 2002) or Kirchhoff matrix, of a graph G, where G=(V,E) is an ...

A graph G is transitive if any three vertices (x,y,z) such that edges (x,y),(y,z) in G imply (x,z) in G. Unlabeled transitive digraphs are called digraph topologies.