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Quicksort is the fastest known comparison-based sorting algorithm (on average, and for a large number of elements), requiring O(nlgn) steps. Quicksort is a recursive ...

Rule 90 is one of the elementary cellular automaton rules introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983 (Wolfram 1983, 2002). It specifies the next color in a cell, depending on its ...

A semiperfect magic cube, sometimes also called an "Andrews cube" (Gardner 1976; Gardner 1988, p. 219) is a magic cube for which the cross section diagonals do not sum to the ...

Given a simplex of unit content in Euclidean d-space, pick n>=d+1 points uniformly and independently at random, and denote the expected content of their convex hull by ...

Taking a connected graph or network with a high graph diameter and adding a very small number of edges randomly, the diameter tends to drop drastically. This is known as the ...

A pair of closed form functions (F,G) is said to be a Wilf-Zeilberger pair if F(n+1,k)-F(n,k)=G(n,k+1)-G(n,k). (1) The Wilf-Zeilberger formalism provides succinct proofs of ...

A connective in logic known as the "exclusive or," or exclusive disjunction. It yields true if exactly one (but not both) of two conditions is true. The XOR operation does ...

All the propositions in projective geometry occur in dual pairs which have the property that, starting from either proposition of a pair, the other can be immediately ...

The set of terms of first-order logic (also known as first-order predicate calculus) is defined by the following rules: 1. A variable is a term. 2. If f is an n-place ...

Calculus I