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A Carmichael number is an odd composite number n which satisfies Fermat's little theorem a^(n-1)-1=0 (mod n) (1) for every choice of a satisfying (a,n)=1 (i.e., a and n are ...

The Mangoldt function is the function defined by Lambda(n)={lnp if n=p^k for p a prime; 0 otherwise, (1) sometimes also called the lambda function. exp(Lambda(n)) has the ...

The binomial coefficient (n; k) is the number of ways of picking k unordered outcomes from n possibilities, also known as a combination or combinatorial number. The symbols ...

Given a positive integer m>1, let its prime factorization be written m=p_1^(a_1)p_2^(a_2)p_3^(a_3)...p_k^(a_k). (1) Define the functions h(n) and H(n) by h(1)=1, H(1)=1, and ...

A complete set of mutually conjugate group elements. Each element in a group belongs to exactly one class, and the identity element (I=1) is always in its own class. The ...

Given a point with trilinear coordinates P=alpha:beta:gamma, the anticevian triangle DeltaA^'B^'C^' of a triangle DeltaABC with respect to P is a triangle such that 1. B^'C^' ...

If a contour in the complex plane is curved such that it separates the increasing and decreasing sequences of poles, then ...

In the theory of transfinite ordinal numbers, 1. Every well ordered set has a unique ordinal number, 2. Every segment of ordinals (i.e., any set of ordinals arranged in ...

Critical damping is a special case of damped simple harmonic motion x^..+betax^.+omega_0^2x=0, (1) in which D=beta^2-4omega_0^2=0, (2) where beta is the damping constant. ...

The generalized hypergeometric function F(x)=_pF_q[alpha_1,alpha_2,...,alpha_p; beta_1,beta_2,...,beta_q;x] satisfies the equation where theta=x(partial/partialx) is the ...